Compliance analysis of domestic and main international systems of standards, scientific and technical documentation and manuals on digital control and monitoring systems of nuclear power plants (NPP), including documents of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) USA, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) USA, etc. Recommendations are formulated on the nomenclature and content of normative and methodological standardization documents developed in the Russian nuclear industry, as well as on their harmonization with international systems and documents.

The paper presents the overview of the list and main technical requirements of the radiation monitoring hardware and the software for the stationary measuring channels construction that are used as part of the information measuring systems for the high power NPPs made by Russian design which are in operation and under construction. The comparison of the working and the metrological parameters of the automated radiation monitoring systems equipment up to the market considering the design requirements has been performed. The common conclusions of the development trends for the radiation monitoring direction according to the future equipment improvement and the references of Instruments and Control for NPPs creation and installation during their construction and modernization have been made.

Radiation-induced changes in ODS steels under iron ion irradiation up to a dose of 100 dpa at 500°C were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy. Although the size of oxide inclusions remained virtually unchanged under irradiation, a strong decrease in their density was observed in 10Cr ODS and KP-3 ODS steels, whereas in Eurofer ODS the density of oxides did not change. Y–Ti–O and Y–Al–O oxides in 10Cr ODS and KP-3 ODS steels showed lower radiation stability compared to Y–O oxides in Eurofer ODS steel.

The automated vacuum technology complex LOTUS 2I-VE is presented, and the current state in the field of creation of film electrode systems is considered. The present features of the technological equipment for the creation of promising multifunctional films are examined.

The modification of carbon-carbon composite materials under high fluence (>3 · 10₁₈ cm^–2) irratiation with He+, Ne⁺, Ar⁺ and C⁺ ions with an energies of 10–30 keV at irradiation temperatures from room temperature to 600°C has been studied experimentally. It is shown that irradiation of carbon fibers with the ion energies of tens keV allows to imitate radiation damage in graphites with levels of radiation damage up to several hundred displacements per atom (dpa), and makes it possible to simultaneously study the effect of ion irradiation at different angles of incidence on plasma-facing materials of fusion plants. The irradiation with helium ions is appropriate for imitation of radiation damage under mechanical stress conditions which include both compression and stretching. Irradiation with heavier ions of noble gas ions (Ne, Ar) is applicable to imitation of mechanical stresses of compression. Temperature dependences of the ion-induced electron emission reflect the surface texture of graphite materials and can be used as a method of in-situ control of the fiber shell texture.

The paper is devoted to establishing of general regularities of dynamic destructions (those of dynamic failure and dispersion) in metals, under high intensity external action in the dynamic range of nonequilibrium states t ~ 10^–6–10^–9 s. Using a crystal lattice pair potential, there is determined an expression for compressibility (susceptibility) of a loaded sample that depends on failure centers density. Determining of common relaxation attributes for non-equilibrium systems allows prediction of unstudied systems’ behavior. Predicted is behavior of plutonium metal, thorium, uranium in the range of non-equilibrium states t ~ 10^–6– 10^–9 s, Е ~ 30–300 J/g using established temporal invariant of metals behavior under extreme conditions and experimental data on critical pressure, causing failure of plutonium metal.

This work proposes methods for processing optical emission spectroscopy data obtained from the interaction region of helium plasma with the main gas concentration [He] ≈ 10¹²–10¹⁴ cm^–3 and electron density ne ≈ 10¹¹–10¹³ cm^–3 with a tungsten sample at the PLM installation created for studying materials under plasma impact. We proposed a method for determining the temperature of the electrons using the coronal approximation. The calculation is performed on spectral lines with intensity ratio most sensitive to electron temperature variation. For our case it is ion-to-atomic line intensity ratio. We have found that relation of experimental intensities of ion line He II 468.5 nm and a number of atom lines He I with well-known electron excitation constants to the calculated values of this relation for the average electron energy is a reliable method of spectroscopic determination of electron temperature of rarefied magnetized helium plasma. For these experiment conditions: helium concentration [He] ≈ 10¹⁴ cm^–3, discharge current 2–10 A, voltage drop 160– 180 V, discharge radius 16 mm and length 370 mm the value of electron temperature found from two singlet and two triplet He I lines was Te = 2.5 ± 0.3 eV. Taking into account nonlocality of electron energy distribution function (EEDF), complex nature of charge drift and diffusion in crossing and inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields and other phenomena, the average electron energy = (3/2)kTe 3.6 eV matching this temperature can be considered a lower-bound estimate for the energy of the Maxwell region of EEDF of the plasma under study.

Using the difference in spectra the dependences of the light outputs of Cherenkov radiation arising under the action of cosmic muons and positrons with an energy of 194 MeV complex and simple substances added to liquid radiators on their concentration are obtained. The characteristics of the Cherenkov radiation spectra of simple substances depending on their position in the Periodic table of elements are investigated. Estimates of the light outputs of Cherenkov radiation from the ratio of atomic numbers Z to the volume of atoms of these substances are made. Based on the results of the work an assumption was made about the possible use of Cherenkov radiation as a method for determining the type of substances (Cherenkov spectrometry).

The result of measurements by a device with tagged neutrons is the spectrum of gamma quanta during inelastic scattering of tagged neutrons on the nuclei of substance in elementary volumes (voxels). The object under study can be represented by a set of voxels. The elemental composition of an object can be determined by decomposing the original gamma spectrum into spectra emitted by the nuclei of individual chemical elements. The results of the analysis are very sensitive to the relative error σW in determining the energy of gamma rays: for σW ≈ 1%, the error in determining the relative abundance of some elements increases to 10%. This leads to the need to take into account the Doppler effect, which causes a shift and broadening of the peaks of the gamma spectrum depending on the angle between the directions of motion of tagged neutrons and detected gamma rays. This effect manifests itself most strongly for excited energy levels of nuclei with a short relaxation time, in particular, for the first level of the carbon nucleus (the gamma-quantum energy is 4.438 MeV) and the second level of nitrogen (2.313 MeV). In this paper we present the analytical estimates, the results of experimental angular dependences of the shift and broadening of the gamma spectrum peaks from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen nuclei, measured by a setup with tagged neutrons.

The information on the radiation situation and radiation doses of the population received in 2020 in the territories serviced by the FMBA of Russia is presented. It was based on analysis, processing and generalization of data from radiation-hygienic passports of enterprises and territories serviced by the FMBA of Russia for 2020. The values of the average annual individual radiation dose of the population in 2020 due to the natural and technogenically altered radiation background are given. Information on the structure, number of radiological procedures by types and groups of organs, collective and average radiation dose of patients received in 2020 in the territories served by the FMBA of Russia is presented. Fluorograms and radiographs dominate the quantitative ratio. There is a significant decrease in the number of X-ray procedures in 2020 compared to 2018, primarily due to a decrease in the number of fluorography and radiography procedures. At the same time, compared to 2018, the collective dose has significantly increased, and the average dose for all procedures has increased, which is associated with a significant increase in computer tomography procedures. The structure of medical irradiation of patients in the institutions of the FMBA of Russia in 2020 is given. There is a significant increase in the contribution of computer tomography in terms of the collective dose compared to previous years (more than a twenty percent increase from 2018 to 2020), with an insignificant contribution in terms of the number of procedures. The reason is a significant increase in tomographic studies during the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis of radiation doses obtained during fluorography, radiography, fluoroscopy, tomography and other procedures was carried out. The comparison of dose characteristics in diagnostic X-ray radiological procedures in Russia and France was carried out.

A comparative analysis of the means of controlling the volumetric activity of liquid media from various manufacturers and their application areas is presented. Devices for detecting and measuring the volumetric activity of liquid media developed by JSC “SNIIP” for various purposes are considered in detail. Based on the considered detection devices, the decision to modernize the current detection devices and the result of the development of a new device are described. The current requirements for monitoring the volumetric activity of liquid media, including the reference radionuclide 24Na, and the steps taken to implement a device that meets these requirements are announced. In conclusion, attention is paid to the consideration of further prospects for the development of equipment for monitoring the volumetric activity of liquid media.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are actively used as a dose enhancement agent in combination with X-ray irradiation. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles by laser ablation has a number of advantages over other methods. For example, the possibility of creating a chemically pure solution and a relatively low production cost when synthesis is scaled up. In this work, we studied an antitumor effect from the combined use of gold nanoparticles (synthesized by laser ablation) and X-rays. Mice with syngeneic adenocarcinoma Ca755, transplanted subcutaneously, were used for the study. The tumor was irradiated at a dose of 10 Gy in 30 min post injection of GNPs. As a result, 66% of complete regressions were found in the experimental group of animals within 210 days from the moment of inoculation. There were no regressions of tumor in the control irradiated group. The absorbed dose to the walls of tumor vessels in the presence of gold nanoparticles in the bloodstream was evaluated as 26.8 Gy.

Molecular changes associated with prostate cancer result in increased expression of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is a favorable target for imaging and therapy with radiopharmaceuticals. In this review the data on the most effective and clinically relevant PSMA-specific radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer were summarized. The advantages and drawbacks of ligands based on monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, as well as low molecular weight PSMA inhibitors were discussed.

The paper presents results of several experiments to determine the cytotoxicity of porous silicon structures synthesized by different methods. Crystalline and amorphous, microand nanoporous silicon layers with and without annealing were studied. Cytotoxicity was studied by f luorescence micrographs and by standard colorimetric MTT testing.

This study represents the results of a series of experiments about the formation of titanium dioxide nanotubes on the implants surfaces. Were investigated the obtained uniformity of surface coatings blank in dental implants and the surfaces morphology.