The paper presents the suggestions about using the machine learning technologies for modern radiation monitoring software and hardware designing during the full production life cycle and the evaluations of the expected technical results deriving from such using illustrated there. There are experimental research schemes shown to confirm the applicability of the self-learning neural networks for the ionizing radiations detecting devices and automated systems based on them.

A physical and mathematical model of a magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) is presented. The electrical characteristics and energy-power modes of MPC discharges in gases are analyzed. The radiation and plasmadynamic structures and spectral-brightness characteristics of MPC discharges are determined. Various quasi-stationary spatial distributions of plasma parameters are calculated for various heating modes (ohmic, transient, and plasmadynamic). The results of computer simulation of a plasmadynamic discharge in a magnetoplasma compressor are discussed.

A linear accelerator for the compact neutron source dedicated to applied research and industrial (DARIA) [1] is under development at Kurchatov Complex of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. This accelerator consisting of RFQ and IH-DTL types of accelerating cavities should ensure the acceleration of a proton beam with a current up to 100 mA to an energy of 13 MeV. The operating accelerator is subjected to thermal loads, which can break its working regime due to the effect of thermal strains of its units on the working frequency. To ensure the stability of electrodynamical parameters of accelerating structures, a cooling system should be used to ensure the thermal stabilization of its design. The calculation of the system of cooling channels in elements of the design of cavities at the operation of the accelerator in the pulsed regime with a duty factor of 1–5%.

A prototype equipment for measuring the radial position of the chosen proton bunch upstream of the septum magnet SM24 during the fast extraction at IHEP. The double measurement, made immediately before and at the time of the extraction, allows us to determine the amount of the kick strength into the aperture of the septum magnet with RMS deviation of less than 0.5 mm. In this presentation the equipment is reviewed and the results of a test in real conditions are presented.

Innovative engineering solutions for several types of radiation monitoring equipment have been presented to illustrate a complex engineering economical approach to the development of new products. The issue of designing new instruments is being considered, taking into account the operating experience of prototype devices.

A possible magneto-optical structure of the Nuclotron creating the conditions for conducting an experiment to measure the electric dipole moment of the deuteron is considered. The main problems that need to be solved when reconstructing the Nuclotron for the stated task and methods for solving them are presented.

A distinctive feature of the “quasi-frozen” spin mode in the synchrotron is the installation of special elements with crossed magnetic and electric fields in straight sections that compensate the spin rotation from the MDM components on the arcs. Moreover, because of the presence of the longitudinal length and the momentum spread inside the beam, spin rotation may occur incoherently. In order to suppress this effect, sextupoles are installed, which also affect suppression of chromaticity.

The electric field potential of an intense axially symmetric electron beam with parameters typical of electron cooling systems in proton (ion) synchrotrons is calculated. A general case of electrons of relativistic energy is considered.

A system for the extraction and formation of a beam of a laser ion source has been developed. The parameters of the system of electrodes have been optimized. The dynamics of the beam in the source for light ions with different charge numbers has been simulated.

The interaction of light with matter leads to excitation of molecules, which, in turn, can exchange energy with a localized electromagnetic field. This can be used for engineering of the electronic and vibrational energy levels of molecules. This study considers the conditions for the emergence of the strong light–matter coupling regime for organic dye molecules in a tunable Fabry–Perot microcavity formed by a convex mirror and a flat reflecting surface. The sample studied was made of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), polyvinylpyrrolidone 55K polymer (PVP), and rhodamine 6G fluorophore (R6G). Strong light–matter coupling was achieved for the sample with a low concentration of PVP. Adjustment of the optical path length in the microcavity by varying the thickness of the hBN–R6G–PVP film made it possible to obtain a high density of modes in the cavity (several tens of (λ/n)³) and, hence, to study the weak and strong light–matter coupling regimes. The results offer the possibilities of studying the basic mechanisms of the resonant interaction of light with matter at room temperature, as well as developing new practical applications of the strong coupling effect.

The paper presents the results of simulation of heat release in a biological environment under the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range for two types of solid-state nanoparticles. The advantage of gold nanoparticles over nanoparticles of crystalline silicon in terms of contribution to the overall heating of the aqueous solution of NaCl is shown.

Improving the efficiency of photocatalysis is an extremely important fundamental task that has applications in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and medicine. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of photocatalysis could be the use of the effect of strong coupling in the light-matter interaction, a specific physical phenomenon that has become in recent years the front line of research in the fields of fundamental and applied aspects of physics and chemistry. Among the most intriguing properties of the strong coupling effect is the ability to control the selectivity and yield of chemical reactions and multiply the efficiency of catalysis, which is achieved by the appearance, during the splitting of the original electronic level of the catalyst and/or substrate, of a higher-energy electronic level – the upper polariton. In the present work, we developed a design of a microfluidic photocatalytic reactor containing a microresonator providing a strong light-matter coupling and operating in the microfluidic mode with a productivity in the range of 0.01–0.1 mol/h. The design is based on integration of a photocatalyst (functionalized porous matrix made of boron nitride) into the cavity between the mirrors of the optical microresonator located in the microfluidic cell. It is assumed that the developed technology will significantly increase the rate of photocatalytic reactions, when the working volume of the reactor is irradiated with light of the visible range.

In this work, the features of the PbSe chalcogenide film modification as a result of irradiation with nanosecond pulses by laser treatment using various modes in an oxygen-free environment are studied. Changes in the optical properties of the films after laser irradiation and modification of their structure in a nitrogen atmosphere were studied. It is shown that the presence of a nitrogen medium does not significantly affect the optical characteristics of films obtained as a result of laser modification with an incident radiation wavelength of 1064 nm. These results indicate that there is no need to use an oxygen-free medium in the process of modifying sensitive detectors. The obtained experimental data are the basis for expanding the knowledge gained on laser modification of the structure of semiconductor chalcogenide films, as well as revealing the relationship between the optical characteristics of the material before and after laser exposure. The results of the study can be used to solve applied problems related to the manufacture of photodetectors in devices for gas and bioanalysis, photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

The cytoprotective properties of mexidol were studied under the influence of argon and helium gas-discharge cold plasma of atmospheric pressure on Paramecium caudatum cell culture. It has been shown that mexidol exhibits strong antioxidant properties and practically completely eliminates the negative effects of oxidative stress, retaining almost 100% of the initial number of cells. The data obtained demonstrate a wide range of behavioral responses of Paramecium caudatum, which confirms their practical value as model objects for pharmacological and toxicological studies and the use of gas-discharge cold plasma makes it possible to exclude the direct oxidative effect of hydrogen peroxide (the standard model of oxidative stress) on the studied drugs and to increase the reliability of toxicological studies.

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) produced by liquid-based synthesis methods are an example of a biocompatible, nontoxic nanomaterial with physical properties promising for various applications. In our work, CNDs were obtained from organic precursors by express synthesis in a microwave reactor followed by purification in isopropyl alcohol and were studied by transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared range, as well as photoluminescence. Cytotoxicity assessment was performed on in vitro models of glioblastoma and embryonic kidney. The obtained results indicate the prospects of the used method of CND synthesis in the production of nanomaterials for biomedical luminescent diagnostics.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is overexpressed in advanced prostate cancer, is a well-established target for the development of antitumor diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this work was to preclinical study the pharmacokinetics of a new radiopharmaceutical ^99mTc-PSMA. Tumor uptake of ^99mTc-PSMA was 1.81–3.91%/g with a maximum uptake of 3.91 ± 0.35%/g at 3 h post-injection. The highest uptake (up to 140.11%/g) of ^99mTc-PSMA throughout the study was observed in kidneys. Tumor uptake of ^99mTc-PSMA was higher than in other organs and tissues, except kidneys.

The paper presents an analysis of modern trends in the biomedical application of bismuth nanoparticles. Works demonstrating the use of bismuth nanoparticles as a contrast agent for visualization, an agent for phototherapy, and as the basis of antibacterial drugs are considered. Emphasis is placed on theranostic applications of this new material, which are extremely important for the tasks of early diagnosis and minimally invasive localized treatment of oncological diseases. Bismuth is considered as a radionuclide for nuclear medicine. Such important issues as biocompatibility, toxicity, excretion from the body are raised.

Metallothioneins are a special group of low-molecular-weight proteins with metal-binding properties, which make them promising chelators for the development of targeted radiopharmaceuticals, as well as with technetium-99m. The aim of this work was to investigate the biodistribution of ^99mTc-metallothionein conjugate (^99mTc-MT) in intact mice and compared it with unbound technetium-99m (Na^99mTcO₄). Low uptake of ^99mTc-MT in the thyroid gland (1.20 ± 0.30%/g versus 267.2 ± 59.0%/g for Na^99mTcO₄) demonstrated high stability of ^99mTc-MT in vivo. The ^99mTc-MT complex was rapidly eliminated from the bloodstream through the kidneys and was characterized by a reduced uptake in most organs and tissues compared to Na^99mTcO₄.

The Prometheus proton therapy complex is a scalable serial medical facility dedicated to proton therapy. Alongside its clinical applications, the facility also enables research in fields such as radiobiology, medical physics, and materials science. This article provides a brief overview of the key research areas and results achieved through the facility. The existing experience with this complex demonstrates its effectiveness in establishing centers for collective use, capable of addressing a broad range of clinical, fundamental, and interdisciplinary scientific challenges.

The work is devoted to the dosimetric studies of an ultra-low intensity proton beam for the implementation of proton radiography on the proton therapy complex Prometeus. In contrast to therapy, radiography using proton beams requires low particle fluxes, less than 1 ⋅ 10⁶ protons/(s ⋅ cm²). The controlled uniform extraction of beams of such intensity at therapeutic accelerators is a significant challenge, and it requires the development of innovative approaches. This study is part of a series of studies on the Russian medical proton synchrotron for implementing the extraction of ultra-low intensity beams. The paper presents data on the key parameter of the extracted beam – the absorbed dose – when performing radiographic plans with a scanning beam. It also provides a quantitative analysis based on computer simulation of the spatial characteristics of proton images obtained using the extracted beam parameters.

Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals with a size in the range of 1–10 nanometers. They are created on the basis of inorganic semiconductor materials Si, InP, CdSe, etc., and are coated with a stabilizer monolayer. QD have unique optical, electrical, electrochemical, and catalytic properties. The crystal core of a quantum dot contains about 100–100 000 atoms. Quantum dot size is comparable to the wavelength in the material on the basis of which it is made. Inside quantum dot, the potential energy of an electron is lower than outside it, and thus the motion of the electron is limited in all three dimensions. The energy levels of electrons inside quantum dot are discrete and are separated by regions of forbidden states. The behavior and properties of these objects are described not by classical physics, but by quantum mechanics. The current review focuses on applications of QD such as providing high-quality bioimaging of tumors in vitro and in vivo; visualization of drug transportation; targeted drug delivery; photothermal and photodynamic therapy; cell sorting activated by fluorescence; use in biosensors. Emphasis is placed on the technology of accurate detection and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 using quantum dots.

The paper presents the clinical experience of commissioning and the validation method of a commercial quality control system for radiation therapy plans based on transit dosimetry.

The paper presents the results of experiments on studying laser-stimulated heating in the nearinfrared region of the spectrum of aqueous suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) based on silicon (Si and Si–Fe NPs) and titanium nitride (TiN NPs) by a continuous laser with a wavelength of 808 nm and a power of 0.36 mW. Temperature profiles were obtained, and the heating rate and photothermal conversion efficiency were determined for each sample at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The conversion efficiencies for the studied aqueous suspensions of TiN, Si–Fe, and Si NPs were 90, 36 and 10%, respectively. The results obtained show that TiN and Si–Fe NPs can be used as photoagents to control local photohyperthermia in biomedicine.

CsPbBr₃ inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are widely used in various fields of photonics today. However, apart from their unique optical properties, such as a high fluorescence efficiency, intense light absorption, and a tunable bandgap width corresponding to visible light emission, PNCs are characterized by highly dynamic binding of organic surface ligands, which leads to a decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield (QY), colloidal stability, and structural integrity during PNC purification, storage, and use in various devices. This shows that this problem can be solved by postsynthetic surface treatment of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals consisting in partial replacement of desorbed initial oleic acid and oleylamine with shorter-chain alkylammonium ligands, dimethyldodecylammonium bromide (DDAB) and formidinium bromide. Experiments have shown that the treatment of the CsPbBr₃ PNC surface with a solution of DDAB and lead bromide increases the QY of PNC fluorescence from 67 to 95%.

There is a growing demand for materials for detecting ionizing radiation, which has led to the expansion of research and development of new scintillators. Typically, classical scintillators are synthesized by crystallizing materials at high temperatures, and their photoluminescence (PL) is difficult to tune in the visible spectral range. Therefore, composite materials based on CsPbBr ₃ perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs), which have a high average atomic number and a long charge-carrier diffusion length, are of particular interest and may be used for detecting ionizing radiation. Unlike bulk scintillators, PNCs are synthesized in solution at relatively low temperatures, with the PL tunable throughout the visible spectrum. The main problem limiting the widespread use of PNCs is their low stability upon contact with the environment. This study presents the results of experiments on the encapsulation of PNCs in a polystyrene matrix, the evaluation of the changes in the luminescence quantum yield (QY) over time, and the development of a technique for studying the amplitude characteristics of signals registered during the interaction of α-particles with composite materials based on CsPbBr ₃ PNCs and polystyrene. The study has shown that composite samples based on PNCs and polystyrene retain a stable luminescence QY for two weeks. Using a ²⁴¹ Am source with a characteristic α-particle energy of about 4.6 MeV and 60 γ-ray energy of 60 keV, the light output values were calculated for the samples studied. The maximum light output was 20% of that of the standard “fast” plastic scintillator (POPOP) at a volume fraction of PNCs in the composite of less than 1%, which indicates the prospect of PNCs as a basis for composite scintillators and their further use in X-ray diagnosis.

Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) from indium phosphide (InP) are a promising low-toxicity alternative to cadmium chalcogenide-based quantum dots. It is expected that if comparable optical characteristics are achieved, InP QDs can successfully displace Cd-containing nanocrystals from their traditional applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine. Unfortunately, at present the optical parameters of InP quantum dots are inferior to those of their Cd-containing counterparts, and the methods for their production require additional optimization. This paper presents the results of experiments to optimize the synthesis procedures of InP QDs using tris-diethylamine phosphine as a phosphorus precursor. It is shown that optimization of heating modes of reaction mixtures during the synthesis allows to obtain highly homogeneous InP QDs with improved optical characteristics.